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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests like insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It is an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to cost effectively reduce pest densities see this on large industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, effective control by pesticides is not simple; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
